How Social Construction Of Race Has Impacted My Life

How the Social Construction of Race has Impacted My Life Throughout this course, I have read many articles that have left distinct imprints on how I view things. I used to think of gender, race and class as something natural and meaningful. However, after this course I am inclined to feel differently. It is truly upsetting that each social construct results in some type of disadvantage for some and empowerment for others. In retrospect, I had always thought of race as the color and culture of a person. If some had brick colored skin and loved tacos or spoke Spanish, he or she was Mexican. Dark skin instinctively made someone black. As a child, I had these ideas of what race was and it all seemed innocuous. Today, I am stricken with the true meaning of race and its affects. Omi and Winant describes race as â€Å"a concept which signifies and symbolizes social conflicts and interests by referring to different types of human bodies† (55). This definition describes race as a social construct that uses the relation of physical appearances and color to group individuals. â€Å"There is a continuous temptation to think of race as an essence, as something fixed, concrete and objective† (Omi and Winant 54). This specific sentence caught my attention because it was how I defined race. Growing up as child, I spent my life in several different homes. Realizing how race had a huge influence in those homes, ultimately made me think of race as an essence. I was told that my mother’s family wouldShow MoreRelatedEvery Individual Has His Or Her Own Identity. People’S1328 Words   |  6 PagesEvery individual has his or her own identity. People’s beliefs are shaped by the environment they grew up in, the way they were raised, and the way they were treated. In this paper I am going to discuss about my belief in regards to gender, gender roles, race, sexuality, and social class. 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Thus, there has been established relations between sex/gender, between different races, and between women and men from different races. Since these relations have been created and modified by the western/European world, they have also been influenced by the theories of race and mestizaje that also affected the portrayals ofRead MoreSexism : Gender And Gender Inequality955 Words   |  4 Pagesconsequences of gender stratification can be seen at home, work place and career paths. Socialization most important agent is the family and their responsibility is to open their child eyes to explore the world. At home, children are constantly told how to behave, speak, and respond according to their gender and their cultural norms. Society expects different behavior for girls and boys to become member of an ideal society. Unfortunately, these expectations have created stereotypes that have placeRead MoreHow Counseling Is Impacted The Well Being Of Cultural Diverse Populations By Increasing Growth1099 Words   |  5 PagesCounseling has impacted the well-being of cultural diverse populations by increasing growth in ethnical and minority groups. Cultural diverse has influence counselors to work together as one, empower skills to meet the challenges and demands of diverse client groups (Hays, 2016). Counselors utilize interventions focused on client’s needs to assess cultural concerns. These techniques establish the significant collaboration of the counsel/ clien t relationship, promote clients awareness to their limitationsRead MoreMalcolm X : War Between Race1461 Words   |  6 PagesMartha Ancajas Hist 17b Fall 16 Dr. Martinez Nov. 15, 2016 Malcolm X: War between Race Malcolm X, born on March 25, 2016 in Omaha, Nebraska, is a prominent figure for the African-American in the United States during the Civil Rights Movement. His experience as an ghettoed African-American youth has exceptionally brought hope to the African-American community even in the midst of hatred and oppression in a white privileged society. Malcolm’s exceptional leadership was the roots of his underlying experience

A Summary On The Business Industry - 1464 Words

5 Fascinating Movies About Entrepreneurs Entrepreneurs are the flavour of the year and today everyone is either one or on the way to becoming one. Fueled by the drive to earn more than what most jobs can give, rock star like adulation achieved by those who make it, and with success stories that run into billions of dollars, being an entrepreneur is the new black. In fact those of us who are 30 plus would still remember that just two to three decades back, being an entrepreneur, especially if you were male, meant that you were either morally bankrupt or worse stupid, and either of which, by-the-way, substantially brought down your value in the marriage market. But times are a changing, the days ahead are heady, and for those who have or are planning to take the plunge, here are five films that are worth watching. They are not just inspiring, you might even pick-up a few business - and even life - lessons in the process. Tom Cruise plays the title role in Jerry Maguire (1996), and works for a sports management company as their star agent. He is fired when he writes and circulates a memo pointing out the wrongs of their business. It is then that he decides to build from scratch a business based on his newly discovered philosophy. And in that he has the support of just one athlete, Rod Tidwell (Cuba Gooding Jr.) and one employee, played by Renà ©e Zellweger. Jerry realizes it is easier said than done, learns a lot along the journey, and teaches us a few things: Tom sShow MoreRelatedResearch Report On Management Consulting Industry1503 Words   |  7 Pages [Type the abstract of the document here. The abstract is typically a short summary of the contents of the document. Type the abstract of the document here. 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Boy Cry Free Essays

In his telling novel, Real Boys, William S. Pollack spends much of the work making a strong social commentary on some of the issues and problems associated with growing up. For the author, growing up is something that has gotten more and more difficult over the years and certain problems must be handled by society. We will write a custom essay sample on Boy Cry or any similar topic only for you Order Now The book succinctly discusses the various roles that educators, parents, friends, and society plays in raising a child to be a man. It discusses what can be done on both an individual level and a parental level, while addressing how children respond to different motivations from the outside. The impressiveness of raising these important social questions is bested only by this book’s ability to answer those questions. The most important aspect of young male development to the author is the context in which a boy is raised. By this, it means that a boy in North America has a hard time coming to a firm understanding of both who he is and who he is supposed to become. The book talks at length about the many â€Å"codes† by which a boy is required to live in the United States. Instead of being able to find himself within the context of his life, a boy must adhere to a double set of social standards. In addition to adhering to new age principles, boys must do their best to uphold the long standing male tradition of being â€Å"tough† and being â€Å"manly†. As Pollack shows with his real life examples, this type of pressure does not allow a boy to realize the proper context. This is important because it eventually stunts development and, according to the author, can lead to some very serious consequences. Among those are drug use, violence, learning disabilities, and psychological disorders. The author makes the point to state some solutions for these problems, instead of focusing solely on the problems. That is one of the important and interesting aspects of the book. One of the solutions has to do with a likely source in a boy’s development. According to the author, parents have to play a pivotal role in a child’s development if that child is going to become a success in society. This is where the idea of parental gatekeeping comes into play. Parents must not only do what they can to raise a child financially and physically, but they must also make a commitment to raising the child’s psyche. This does not mean that parents are always supposed to be the child’s biggest fan, nor are they to be his biggest detractor. In order for a boy to eventually grow into a man, the parents have to be something of a middle man in this. They must let enough good in to encourage the boy in his development, while keeping him grounded enough to stay on the right track. This is a slippery slope, but one that parents must tread down if they want to raise a boy properly. Another neat thing in the book is that the author takes the time to not only address widespread developmental issues in regards to boys, but also to address specific problems that stand in the way in today’s society. Among those are some touchy topics that most parents and all schools have trouble dealing with. Though it might seem like a small thing on the surface, the author makes sure to mention that one of the biggest developmental problems facing boys in American society is friendlessness. Though it is not something that affects all children, it has an impact on a significant number of individuals. As such, there are lots of boys who grow up through elementary and middle school without knowing what it is like to have a friend. This affects boys in a couple of different ways. For one, they struggle with confidence issues as all of the individuals around them thrive. In addition, they miss out on learning some of the important things that go along with friendship. They do not learn how to handle their emotions or work with other human beings to figure out interpersonal problems. These things might seem minor to some, but to the author, they are huge stumbling blocks that society has failed to take down. In the book, the author does not speak in pure generalities. Though he makes several general points that can be applied to boys across the board, his primary objective is to identify specific problems that have specific solutions. When addressing the problems of boys, he spends a great deal of time and energy breaking down the problems that exist in schools when it comes to development of boys. Above all of the other parties responsible for raising boys to be men, he feels that schools have the great influence and thus, are doing the worst job at this point. In the book, he mentions some specific ways that parents must feel that their kids are being wronged. In his book, Pollack makes mention of some of the questions that parents must ask when he writes (1999), â€Å"Do the school’s teachers and administrators know about the boy code? Do they understand the mask? Are they sympathetic to boys? Does the school teach subject matters and use classroom materials that interest my boy? † (p. 231). The author goes on to discuss that the answer to these questions is, all too often, no. The author places a significant amount of focus on the job that teachers and administrators are doing within the schools. In addition to not being well equipped to handle the emotional rigors that boys go through during their developmental years, schools are having a hard time zeroing in on the academic problems that boys are facing. The author specifically mentions the subjects of reading and writing as weak areas for boys, and goes on to talk about how school administrators are not doing enough to catch these problems and work to improve them. Because schools are not noticing academic issues at the beginning, boys are being allowed to struggle their way through school. This is one of the primary reasons why boys struggle on the outside of school. With their self-esteem shot and their confidence destroyed by problems within school, they are forced to then face their own development in a world that is becoming tougher and tougher on people their age. Fundamental problems, according to the author, are causing even great consequences on the outside of schools. All in all, the book is an excellent commentary on the many problems that young men face in a changing world. Getting from boyhood to manhood used to be easy, but now it is more of a challenge. Unfortunately, the world has not accommodated for the extra challenge, so boys are expected to handle their issues with the greatest of ease and the greatest of strength. That, in effect, is the message of the book. According to Pollack, parents, teachers, school administrators, and society at large is failing the young male population in North America. Until more is done to correct the problem, more and more young boys will find drugs, violence, and a handful of other issues to fill their plate in lieu of their overriding issues. References Pollack, W. (1999). Real Boys: Rescuing Our Sons from the Myths of Boyhood. Owl Books. How to cite Boy Cry, Papers

Leadership Style of Steve Jobs

Question: Discuss about the Leadership Style of Steve Jobs. Answer: Introduction Leadership has been under constant surveillance by the scholars so as to understand the traits and behaviors of true leaders. Leadership is an evolving phenomenon and the world has witnessed different leaders with their personal and unique leadership style. In todays changing business environment, it is important to study the styles and traits exhibited by the most influential leaders of the world. The most prominent leaders have brought significant changes in the society through their passion, determination and honesty. The history witnesses that every leader had different set of traits and behavior and they adopted an altogether different approaches and styles to contribute towards the development of the society or an organization. The leaders have been left their footprints almost over every sector ranging from politics, military, social activist, technology, healthcare, religion and many more. Steve Jobs is known for his unconventional and creative leadership style that brought an evolutionary phase in personal computers. The paper would make an attempt to introspect the leadership style of he co-founder and ex-CEO of Apple Steve Jobs by applying various leadership theories and concepts. There are several theories and concepts of leadership and few of them would be presented in the paper to establish firm grounds of leadership. Leadership Leadership is a broad phenomenon and has been defined differently by different scholars and analysts. According to Tannenbaum and Schmidt, leaders are those who assess themselves, their subordinates and the external circumstances to construe appropriate methods and approaches of management. This way they are able to evaluate the potential of their team members and drive them towards a common and shared vision. Thus, their actions are in inferred from the external environment and requirement of the situation. They not only work to achieve goals and objectives, but also ensure the participation and interest level of their subordinates. This is called transactional leadership style. According to Gardener, leadership involves shared vision, constant motivation, management, unified workforce, group representation, integrated values and consistent revival (Patel, 2012). A leader is considered to be visionary who inspires entire workforce by arousing a common sense of purpose through his sh ared vision (Northouse, 2013). The model proposed by Rost suggested that leadership comprises of four vital elements: influential relationship, relationship consisting of leaders and followers, an attempt to bring changes by the leaders and followers and a common sense of purpose among leaders and followers. It is important to note here that leaders have more power than their subordinates and play major role in influencing (Westcott, 2014). With the passage of time, several theories and concepts of leadership have been evolved through various studies conducted by scholars. In order to understand the leadership style of Steve Jobs, few of the theories would be discussed in detail so as to interlink them with his style of management. Charismatic Leadership Style Charismatic leaders are gifted with extraordinary behavior and traits that make them more confident to inspire their followers through a common sense of purpose (Patel, 2012). They are able to drive the team towards a common vision through their strong conviction and the followers are also convinced to follow them without questioning them. Trust, affection and loyalty is being developed among the followers and they feel highly appreciated because of their high levels of involvement. Transformational Leadership Style Transformational leaders motivate their subordinates by inspiring them towards a common goal and arousing a sense of purpose within them. The leaders are very influential because they transform the followers by setting very high expectations from them (Odumeru Ifeanyi, 2013). Autobiography of Steve Jobs Steve Jobs was born on February 24, 1955 in San Francisco, California. During his college life, he would skip his classes to attend calligraphy classes and took a job as video game designer in the year 1974 with Atari (Hom, 2013). Though, later he quit his job to in search of spiritual enlightenment in India. It was two years later in 1976, when Steve Jobs with Steve Wozniak discovered Apple in Steves father garage (Hom, 2013). With Steves charismatic personality and Wozniaks technical expertise Apple establish strong market position and became a publicly traded company by the year 1980 (Hom, 2013). John Sculley was appointed as the CEO of the company by Steve Jobs. Steve Jobs was always focused on products instead of sales and developed Macintosh to compete with IBM. Due to Steves persistent behavior and attitude and failure of Macintosh, John Sculley fired him in 1985 from Apple (Hom, 2013). After leaving Apple, Steve moved towards animated industry to discover NeXT which later on became Pixar Animation Studios with Steves huge investment and produced animated movies such as Finding Nemo, The Incredibles. Apple could not pursue success with Steves exit and was about to dissolve in the year 1997 (Hom, 2013). It was at that point when Steve was invited to rejoin the company. He slashed down almost all the products with remaining only four products remaining to stabilize the company. Apple prospered under the leadership of Steve Jobs until his illness was discovered in the year 2007 (Hom, 2013). Apples stock suffered a huge loss in the market after the news was discovered. Steve handed the position of CEO six months before he died to Tim Cook in 2011 (Hom, 2013). Tim Cook is the current CEO of the company Apple and has an altogether different personality as compared to the former CEO of Apple Steve Jobs. Evolving Leadership Style of Steve Jobs Steve Jobs was a strong charismatic leader who could unite the people through his spellbinding ability. He was bestowed with natural and divine gift that enabled him revolutionize the IT and entertainment industry. Steve would alter his style according to the situation and did not just display same rhetorical style. After he was fired from Apple, he did not give just give up, instead he entered animated industry to change the educational system of the world through Next (Mirror Business, 2015). He always had a great conviction for whatever he did and was also able to articulate his followers. Steve had a charismatic approach that compelled him to focus on products instead of sales of the company. With his strong conviction and charismatic leadership style, his followers trusted him and always relied on him for the growth and success of the organization. Steve Jobs is known to have demonstrated transformational leadership as his major working style. He always believed in change that he was able to achieve through his visionary skills. He always inspired his followers and focused on transforming them to bring out the best within them that they would have otherwise considered impossible (McKnight, 2013). Some of the personality traits that would help to assess his leadership style are focus, passion, innovation, vision and effective communication (Muenich Williams, 2013). Focus was an integral part of Steves life. He made consistent efforts to drive his team towards a common vision and would conduct several meetings to grill them by asking questions. He has strongly mastered Zen philosophy and believed that deciding what not to do is equally important as deciding what to do. Steve Jobs would simplify the products through his visionary skills. When he saw the mouse of Xerox with three buttons and complicated design, he planned to create a mouse with only single button that cost less than the actual mouse (Hom, 2013). He would redefine the problem to solve his peoples problem. It was Steve Jobs passion to market a dent in the universe that he was able to do successfully through revolutionized product range. He used his innovative skills to create graphical user interface for the first time in the history. His unique style of product announcement at the universities by creating thrill and excitement among the students of university is also inspiring (Warwick Business School, 2016). Products Share Market of Apple Under the leadership of Steve Jobs, Apple was able to develop innovative and unique products that have attracted millions of users from all over the world. The main products of Apple are iPhones, iPods and Macs. iPhone and iPod are the phenomenal products of Apple that were developed by Steve Jobs. He asked his chief engineer designer to develop a phone with touch display. Jonathon Ive had faith in Steve Jobs due to which he was able to design the most spectacular phone of the world. Steve developed first iPhone series in 2007 and introduced another version called iphone 3G which was followed by 3GS with improved network and hardware support. Later, Steve enhanced the front facing camera to launch 4S and 5S in the market (Arthur, 2013). Steve Jobs believed in the idea to develop a product that can carry thousands of songs in it and that led to development of iPod. Macintosh was a huge failure when it was first introduced in the market but later on became one of the most selling produ cts of Apple. When Apple became a public traded company during 1984 its share price was $3.83 that became just half ($1.81) by the mid of the year (Seeking Alpha, 2009). Steve discovered first personal computer Macintosh with the vision to provide an ordinary people with personal computer. The computer had no hard drive and very low RAM due to which it failed terribly in the market. Apples stock became dead and did not rise for the next two years in the market. (Source: Seeking Alpha, 2009). In May 1985, Steve Jobs left Apple and in June 1985, John Sculley received a proposal from Bill Gates to license Mac OS to Microsoft. After Steve left Apple, the market share declined to $2 per share (Seeking Alpha, 2009). By September 1985, Apples share began to rise when it witnessed a sale of 500, 000 Mac. During 1987, Apples sales were propelled by licensing Microsoft to use Macintosh technology in its Windows and its market share surged exponentially (Seeking Alpha, 2009). Apple sold one million Macintosh by March 1987 due to which it market share was rising. It was October 17, 1987 when Apples market share dropped from $15 to $7 that Apple was somehow able to bring it to $10.5 (Seeking Alpha, 2009). It was August 6, 1997, when Apples share price rose by 33.3% after Steve Jobs joined (Seeking Alpha, 2009). The companys stock fell by around 10% in 2009 when Steve Jobs became ill and news was disclosed (Seeking Alpha, 2009). The share price of Apple came down by more than 5% after the death of Steve Jobs in the year 2011 (Kollewe, 2011). The company was handed over to the new CEO Tim Cook in the year 2011 six months before the death of Steve Jobs. Apples has witnessed consistent market growth under the leadership of Tim Cook as can be inferred from the graph below. The share price rose significantly during 2011 but declines in 2012 after which sales surged till the companys stock fell by 9% under the in the year 2014 due to which company lost $44 billion (Fox, 2014). (Source: Titcomb, 2016). The most disastrous product under the leadership of Tim Cook was Apple maps that did not consider important transport routes (Titcomb, 2016). Apple watch was one of the most selling products by Tim Cook and was able to grab the attention of the users (Titcomb, 2016). iPhones series of 6S and 7S were also introduced by Tim Cook. Leadership Style of Tim Cook Tim Cook became Apples CEO in the year 2011. Tim Cook follows servant leadership style as opposed to Steve Jobs transformational and charismatic leadership style. He believes in trusting his team members and likes to admit his fault when wrong. He has a reserved personality and likes to listen to others so that he can learn from them. He does not command people or push them to work hard, instead remains humble to receive respect of others. Steve Jobs had a boisterous personality who would always stay at the centre through his critical comments for employees. On the other hand, Tim Cook attentively listens to his subordinates without questioning them and always pay attention to the smaller details of peoples speech. Steve Jobs always believed in innovation that led to creation of unique featured products including iphone, ipod, ipad and Macintosh. As opposed to Steve Jobs, Tim Cook focused on market expansion for Apple and increased the sales of the company by huge margins. Apple has been able to occupy the market of the two emerging countries of the world China and India under the direction of Tim Cook. Unlike Steve Jobs, Tim Cook has not yet developed any unique products apart from Apple map and watch. On one hand Steve Jobs had the ability to perceive the unknown future, on the other hand Tim Cook wants to create future through Apples epic global sales. Tim Cook is more sales oriented unlike Steve, who was product oriented and would put all his efforts into making the unique products. Current Issues of Global Leadership Steve Jobs was undoubtedly an inspiring and transformational leader who revolutionized the world through his innovative products of Apple. The credit for Apples success completely goes to Steve Jobs who was focused, enthusiastic, passionate and unconventional leader. Steve nurtured the company by merging his imagination with technology to develop innovative products. Apple has always witnessed rise in its share price under the leadership of Steve Job who was the only one to sustain the company through his fast pace learning and evolving ability. After the death of Steve Jobs, people have begun to question the leadership orientation of Apple. Apples new CEO Tim Cook focus has been to increase the sales of the company through market expansion and penetration. Tim Cook may bee have been able to increase the turnover of the company but have not been able to develop innovative products as opposed to Steve Jobs. Tim Cook has surged the sales of Apples iPhone that has negative and positive both sides. The positive side Apple which was once considered only for the upper class has now become approachable for the middle class consumers and the negative side is that every product goes through a product life cycle of growth, maturity and decline. iPhone has gone through the first two stages so decline stage is bound to come and the company has no new product to introduce in the market. Steve used to compete with his own products by introducing new products in the market due to which Apple was able to maintain its sustainability. Under the leadership of Tim Cook, sustainability of Apple becomes a questionable phenomenon which could pose threat to the company in its near future when Apples products would have to face decline phase in the global market. Conclusion The report has successfully analyzed the evolving and unique leadership style of Steve Jobs. Steves unconventional leadership style brought success to Apple by putting all his efforts into developing innovative products and revolutionizing the IT and music industry. He demonstrated a combination of transformational and charismatic leadership style where transformational being the major style. It was his transformational leadership style that encouraged his followers to push themselves harder by believing in the unseen. It was under his leadership that Apple witnessed a significant growth in the market share and the company went through a dark phase after his exit from the company during 1985. On the contrary, Tim Cook followed a servant leadership style by staying reserved and focused. Tim Cook has focused on sales instead of products and has expanded the market of the company by surging the sales and attaining driving huge profits. On one hand Steve has revolutionized the IT and music industry and marked a dent in the universe through his iconic and everlasting products, on the other hand, Tim Cook has taken the legacy of Steve beyond the country and entered almost every market of world. References Arthur, C. (2013). Apple had designed iPhone 5 before death of Steve Jobs. Retrieved from: https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2013/apr/02/apple-designed-iphone-5-before-death-steve-jobs Caldwell, R. (2012). Leadership and learning; A critical re?examination of Senges learning organization. Systematic Practical Action Research, 25, 39?55. Derr, C. L. (2012). Ethics and leadership. Journal of Leadership, Accountability and Ethics, 9(6), 66?71. Fox, J. (2014). Should Tim Cook Care About a 10% Stock Drop?. Retrieved from: https://hbr.org/2014/01/should-tim-cook-care-about-a-10-stock-drop Gayomali, C. (2015). 5 Surprising Insights About Steve Jobss Management Style. Retrieved from: https://www.fastcompany.com/3044205/5-surprising-insights-about-steve-jobs-management-style Hom, E.J. (2013). Steve Jobs Biography. Retrieved from: https://www.businessnewsdaily.com/4195-business-profile-steve-jobs.html International Review of Management and Business Research, 2(2), 355?361. Isaacson, W. (2012). The real leadership lessons of Steve Jobs. Retrieved from: https://hbr.org/2012/04/the-real-leadership-lessons-of-steve-jobs Kollewe, J. (2011). Apple stock price falls on news of Steve Jobs's death. The Guardian. Available at: Apple stock price falls on news of Steve Jobs's death [Accessed Online 5 April 2017]. Mackenzie, I. (2011).What made Steve Jobs unique?. Retrieved from: https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-15196874 McKnight, L. L. (2013). 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