How Social Construction Of Race Has Impacted My Life

How the Social Construction of Race has Impacted My Life Throughout this course, I have read many articles that have left distinct imprints on how I view things. I used to think of gender, race and class as something natural and meaningful. However, after this course I am inclined to feel differently. It is truly upsetting that each social construct results in some type of disadvantage for some and empowerment for others. In retrospect, I had always thought of race as the color and culture of a person. If some had brick colored skin and loved tacos or spoke Spanish, he or she was Mexican. Dark skin instinctively made someone black. As a child, I had these ideas of what race was and it all seemed innocuous. Today, I am stricken with the true meaning of race and its affects. Omi and Winant describes race as â€Å"a concept which signifies and symbolizes social conflicts and interests by referring to different types of human bodies† (55). This definition describes race as a social construct that uses the relation of physical appearances and color to group individuals. â€Å"There is a continuous temptation to think of race as an essence, as something fixed, concrete and objective† (Omi and Winant 54). This specific sentence caught my attention because it was how I defined race. Growing up as child, I spent my life in several different homes. Realizing how race had a huge influence in those homes, ultimately made me think of race as an essence. I was told that my mother’s family wouldShow MoreRelatedEvery Individual Has His Or Her Own Identity. People’S1328 Words   |  6 PagesEvery individual has his or her own identity. People’s beliefs are shaped by the environment they grew up in, the way they were raised, and the way they were treated. In this paper I am going to discuss about my belief in regards to gender, gender roles, race, sexuality, and social class. 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Thus, there has been established relations between sex/gender, between different races, and between women and men from different races. Since these relations have been created and modified by the western/European world, they have also been influenced by the theories of race and mestizaje that also affected the portrayals ofRead MoreSexism : Gender And Gender Inequality955 Words   |  4 Pagesconsequences of gender stratification can be seen at home, work place and career paths. Socialization most important agent is the family and their responsibility is to open their child eyes to explore the world. At home, children are constantly told how to behave, speak, and respond according to their gender and their cultural norms. Society expects different behavior for girls and boys to become member of an ideal society. Unfortunately, these expectations have created stereotypes that have placeRead MoreHow Counseling Is Impacted The Well Being Of Cultural Diverse Populations By Increasing Growth1099 Words   |  5 PagesCounseling has impacted the well-being of cultural diverse populations by increasing growth in ethnical and minority groups. Cultural diverse has influence counselors to work together as one, empower skills to meet the challenges and demands of diverse client groups (Hays, 2016). Counselors utilize interventions focused on client’s needs to assess cultural concerns. These techniques establish the significant collaboration of the counsel/ clien t relationship, promote clients awareness to their limitationsRead MoreMalcolm X : War Between Race1461 Words   |  6 PagesMartha Ancajas Hist 17b Fall 16 Dr. Martinez Nov. 15, 2016 Malcolm X: War between Race Malcolm X, born on March 25, 2016 in Omaha, Nebraska, is a prominent figure for the African-American in the United States during the Civil Rights Movement. His experience as an ghettoed African-American youth has exceptionally brought hope to the African-American community even in the midst of hatred and oppression in a white privileged society. Malcolm’s exceptional leadership was the roots of his underlying experience

A Summary On The Business Industry - 1464 Words

5 Fascinating Movies About Entrepreneurs Entrepreneurs are the flavour of the year and today everyone is either one or on the way to becoming one. Fueled by the drive to earn more than what most jobs can give, rock star like adulation achieved by those who make it, and with success stories that run into billions of dollars, being an entrepreneur is the new black. In fact those of us who are 30 plus would still remember that just two to three decades back, being an entrepreneur, especially if you were male, meant that you were either morally bankrupt or worse stupid, and either of which, by-the-way, substantially brought down your value in the marriage market. But times are a changing, the days ahead are heady, and for those who have or are planning to take the plunge, here are five films that are worth watching. They are not just inspiring, you might even pick-up a few business - and even life - lessons in the process. Tom Cruise plays the title role in Jerry Maguire (1996), and works for a sports management company as their star agent. He is fired when he writes and circulates a memo pointing out the wrongs of their business. It is then that he decides to build from scratch a business based on his newly discovered philosophy. And in that he has the support of just one athlete, Rod Tidwell (Cuba Gooding Jr.) and one employee, played by Renà ©e Zellweger. Jerry realizes it is easier said than done, learns a lot along the journey, and teaches us a few things: Tom sShow MoreRelatedResearch Report On Management Consulting Industry1503 Words   |  7 Pages [Type the abstract of the document here. The abstract is typically a short summary of the contents of the document. Type the abstract of the document here. 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Boy Cry Free Essays

In his telling novel, Real Boys, William S. Pollack spends much of the work making a strong social commentary on some of the issues and problems associated with growing up. For the author, growing up is something that has gotten more and more difficult over the years and certain problems must be handled by society. We will write a custom essay sample on Boy Cry or any similar topic only for you Order Now The book succinctly discusses the various roles that educators, parents, friends, and society plays in raising a child to be a man. It discusses what can be done on both an individual level and a parental level, while addressing how children respond to different motivations from the outside. The impressiveness of raising these important social questions is bested only by this book’s ability to answer those questions. The most important aspect of young male development to the author is the context in which a boy is raised. By this, it means that a boy in North America has a hard time coming to a firm understanding of both who he is and who he is supposed to become. The book talks at length about the many â€Å"codes† by which a boy is required to live in the United States. Instead of being able to find himself within the context of his life, a boy must adhere to a double set of social standards. In addition to adhering to new age principles, boys must do their best to uphold the long standing male tradition of being â€Å"tough† and being â€Å"manly†. As Pollack shows with his real life examples, this type of pressure does not allow a boy to realize the proper context. This is important because it eventually stunts development and, according to the author, can lead to some very serious consequences. Among those are drug use, violence, learning disabilities, and psychological disorders. The author makes the point to state some solutions for these problems, instead of focusing solely on the problems. That is one of the important and interesting aspects of the book. One of the solutions has to do with a likely source in a boy’s development. According to the author, parents have to play a pivotal role in a child’s development if that child is going to become a success in society. This is where the idea of parental gatekeeping comes into play. Parents must not only do what they can to raise a child financially and physically, but they must also make a commitment to raising the child’s psyche. This does not mean that parents are always supposed to be the child’s biggest fan, nor are they to be his biggest detractor. In order for a boy to eventually grow into a man, the parents have to be something of a middle man in this. They must let enough good in to encourage the boy in his development, while keeping him grounded enough to stay on the right track. This is a slippery slope, but one that parents must tread down if they want to raise a boy properly. Another neat thing in the book is that the author takes the time to not only address widespread developmental issues in regards to boys, but also to address specific problems that stand in the way in today’s society. Among those are some touchy topics that most parents and all schools have trouble dealing with. Though it might seem like a small thing on the surface, the author makes sure to mention that one of the biggest developmental problems facing boys in American society is friendlessness. Though it is not something that affects all children, it has an impact on a significant number of individuals. As such, there are lots of boys who grow up through elementary and middle school without knowing what it is like to have a friend. This affects boys in a couple of different ways. For one, they struggle with confidence issues as all of the individuals around them thrive. In addition, they miss out on learning some of the important things that go along with friendship. They do not learn how to handle their emotions or work with other human beings to figure out interpersonal problems. These things might seem minor to some, but to the author, they are huge stumbling blocks that society has failed to take down. In the book, the author does not speak in pure generalities. Though he makes several general points that can be applied to boys across the board, his primary objective is to identify specific problems that have specific solutions. When addressing the problems of boys, he spends a great deal of time and energy breaking down the problems that exist in schools when it comes to development of boys. Above all of the other parties responsible for raising boys to be men, he feels that schools have the great influence and thus, are doing the worst job at this point. In the book, he mentions some specific ways that parents must feel that their kids are being wronged. In his book, Pollack makes mention of some of the questions that parents must ask when he writes (1999), â€Å"Do the school’s teachers and administrators know about the boy code? Do they understand the mask? Are they sympathetic to boys? Does the school teach subject matters and use classroom materials that interest my boy? † (p. 231). The author goes on to discuss that the answer to these questions is, all too often, no. The author places a significant amount of focus on the job that teachers and administrators are doing within the schools. In addition to not being well equipped to handle the emotional rigors that boys go through during their developmental years, schools are having a hard time zeroing in on the academic problems that boys are facing. The author specifically mentions the subjects of reading and writing as weak areas for boys, and goes on to talk about how school administrators are not doing enough to catch these problems and work to improve them. Because schools are not noticing academic issues at the beginning, boys are being allowed to struggle their way through school. This is one of the primary reasons why boys struggle on the outside of school. With their self-esteem shot and their confidence destroyed by problems within school, they are forced to then face their own development in a world that is becoming tougher and tougher on people their age. Fundamental problems, according to the author, are causing even great consequences on the outside of schools. All in all, the book is an excellent commentary on the many problems that young men face in a changing world. Getting from boyhood to manhood used to be easy, but now it is more of a challenge. Unfortunately, the world has not accommodated for the extra challenge, so boys are expected to handle their issues with the greatest of ease and the greatest of strength. That, in effect, is the message of the book. According to Pollack, parents, teachers, school administrators, and society at large is failing the young male population in North America. Until more is done to correct the problem, more and more young boys will find drugs, violence, and a handful of other issues to fill their plate in lieu of their overriding issues. References Pollack, W. (1999). Real Boys: Rescuing Our Sons from the Myths of Boyhood. Owl Books. How to cite Boy Cry, Papers

Leadership Style of Steve Jobs

Question: Discuss about the Leadership Style of Steve Jobs. Answer: Introduction Leadership has been under constant surveillance by the scholars so as to understand the traits and behaviors of true leaders. Leadership is an evolving phenomenon and the world has witnessed different leaders with their personal and unique leadership style. In todays changing business environment, it is important to study the styles and traits exhibited by the most influential leaders of the world. The most prominent leaders have brought significant changes in the society through their passion, determination and honesty. The history witnesses that every leader had different set of traits and behavior and they adopted an altogether different approaches and styles to contribute towards the development of the society or an organization. The leaders have been left their footprints almost over every sector ranging from politics, military, social activist, technology, healthcare, religion and many more. Steve Jobs is known for his unconventional and creative leadership style that brought an evolutionary phase in personal computers. The paper would make an attempt to introspect the leadership style of he co-founder and ex-CEO of Apple Steve Jobs by applying various leadership theories and concepts. There are several theories and concepts of leadership and few of them would be presented in the paper to establish firm grounds of leadership. Leadership Leadership is a broad phenomenon and has been defined differently by different scholars and analysts. According to Tannenbaum and Schmidt, leaders are those who assess themselves, their subordinates and the external circumstances to construe appropriate methods and approaches of management. This way they are able to evaluate the potential of their team members and drive them towards a common and shared vision. Thus, their actions are in inferred from the external environment and requirement of the situation. They not only work to achieve goals and objectives, but also ensure the participation and interest level of their subordinates. This is called transactional leadership style. According to Gardener, leadership involves shared vision, constant motivation, management, unified workforce, group representation, integrated values and consistent revival (Patel, 2012). A leader is considered to be visionary who inspires entire workforce by arousing a common sense of purpose through his sh ared vision (Northouse, 2013). The model proposed by Rost suggested that leadership comprises of four vital elements: influential relationship, relationship consisting of leaders and followers, an attempt to bring changes by the leaders and followers and a common sense of purpose among leaders and followers. It is important to note here that leaders have more power than their subordinates and play major role in influencing (Westcott, 2014). With the passage of time, several theories and concepts of leadership have been evolved through various studies conducted by scholars. In order to understand the leadership style of Steve Jobs, few of the theories would be discussed in detail so as to interlink them with his style of management. Charismatic Leadership Style Charismatic leaders are gifted with extraordinary behavior and traits that make them more confident to inspire their followers through a common sense of purpose (Patel, 2012). They are able to drive the team towards a common vision through their strong conviction and the followers are also convinced to follow them without questioning them. Trust, affection and loyalty is being developed among the followers and they feel highly appreciated because of their high levels of involvement. Transformational Leadership Style Transformational leaders motivate their subordinates by inspiring them towards a common goal and arousing a sense of purpose within them. The leaders are very influential because they transform the followers by setting very high expectations from them (Odumeru Ifeanyi, 2013). Autobiography of Steve Jobs Steve Jobs was born on February 24, 1955 in San Francisco, California. During his college life, he would skip his classes to attend calligraphy classes and took a job as video game designer in the year 1974 with Atari (Hom, 2013). Though, later he quit his job to in search of spiritual enlightenment in India. It was two years later in 1976, when Steve Jobs with Steve Wozniak discovered Apple in Steves father garage (Hom, 2013). With Steves charismatic personality and Wozniaks technical expertise Apple establish strong market position and became a publicly traded company by the year 1980 (Hom, 2013). John Sculley was appointed as the CEO of the company by Steve Jobs. Steve Jobs was always focused on products instead of sales and developed Macintosh to compete with IBM. Due to Steves persistent behavior and attitude and failure of Macintosh, John Sculley fired him in 1985 from Apple (Hom, 2013). After leaving Apple, Steve moved towards animated industry to discover NeXT which later on became Pixar Animation Studios with Steves huge investment and produced animated movies such as Finding Nemo, The Incredibles. Apple could not pursue success with Steves exit and was about to dissolve in the year 1997 (Hom, 2013). It was at that point when Steve was invited to rejoin the company. He slashed down almost all the products with remaining only four products remaining to stabilize the company. Apple prospered under the leadership of Steve Jobs until his illness was discovered in the year 2007 (Hom, 2013). Apples stock suffered a huge loss in the market after the news was discovered. Steve handed the position of CEO six months before he died to Tim Cook in 2011 (Hom, 2013). Tim Cook is the current CEO of the company Apple and has an altogether different personality as compared to the former CEO of Apple Steve Jobs. Evolving Leadership Style of Steve Jobs Steve Jobs was a strong charismatic leader who could unite the people through his spellbinding ability. He was bestowed with natural and divine gift that enabled him revolutionize the IT and entertainment industry. Steve would alter his style according to the situation and did not just display same rhetorical style. After he was fired from Apple, he did not give just give up, instead he entered animated industry to change the educational system of the world through Next (Mirror Business, 2015). He always had a great conviction for whatever he did and was also able to articulate his followers. Steve had a charismatic approach that compelled him to focus on products instead of sales of the company. With his strong conviction and charismatic leadership style, his followers trusted him and always relied on him for the growth and success of the organization. Steve Jobs is known to have demonstrated transformational leadership as his major working style. He always believed in change that he was able to achieve through his visionary skills. He always inspired his followers and focused on transforming them to bring out the best within them that they would have otherwise considered impossible (McKnight, 2013). Some of the personality traits that would help to assess his leadership style are focus, passion, innovation, vision and effective communication (Muenich Williams, 2013). Focus was an integral part of Steves life. He made consistent efforts to drive his team towards a common vision and would conduct several meetings to grill them by asking questions. He has strongly mastered Zen philosophy and believed that deciding what not to do is equally important as deciding what to do. Steve Jobs would simplify the products through his visionary skills. When he saw the mouse of Xerox with three buttons and complicated design, he planned to create a mouse with only single button that cost less than the actual mouse (Hom, 2013). He would redefine the problem to solve his peoples problem. It was Steve Jobs passion to market a dent in the universe that he was able to do successfully through revolutionized product range. He used his innovative skills to create graphical user interface for the first time in the history. His unique style of product announcement at the universities by creating thrill and excitement among the students of university is also inspiring (Warwick Business School, 2016). Products Share Market of Apple Under the leadership of Steve Jobs, Apple was able to develop innovative and unique products that have attracted millions of users from all over the world. The main products of Apple are iPhones, iPods and Macs. iPhone and iPod are the phenomenal products of Apple that were developed by Steve Jobs. He asked his chief engineer designer to develop a phone with touch display. Jonathon Ive had faith in Steve Jobs due to which he was able to design the most spectacular phone of the world. Steve developed first iPhone series in 2007 and introduced another version called iphone 3G which was followed by 3GS with improved network and hardware support. Later, Steve enhanced the front facing camera to launch 4S and 5S in the market (Arthur, 2013). Steve Jobs believed in the idea to develop a product that can carry thousands of songs in it and that led to development of iPod. Macintosh was a huge failure when it was first introduced in the market but later on became one of the most selling produ cts of Apple. When Apple became a public traded company during 1984 its share price was $3.83 that became just half ($1.81) by the mid of the year (Seeking Alpha, 2009). Steve discovered first personal computer Macintosh with the vision to provide an ordinary people with personal computer. The computer had no hard drive and very low RAM due to which it failed terribly in the market. Apples stock became dead and did not rise for the next two years in the market. (Source: Seeking Alpha, 2009). In May 1985, Steve Jobs left Apple and in June 1985, John Sculley received a proposal from Bill Gates to license Mac OS to Microsoft. After Steve left Apple, the market share declined to $2 per share (Seeking Alpha, 2009). By September 1985, Apples share began to rise when it witnessed a sale of 500, 000 Mac. During 1987, Apples sales were propelled by licensing Microsoft to use Macintosh technology in its Windows and its market share surged exponentially (Seeking Alpha, 2009). Apple sold one million Macintosh by March 1987 due to which it market share was rising. It was October 17, 1987 when Apples market share dropped from $15 to $7 that Apple was somehow able to bring it to $10.5 (Seeking Alpha, 2009). It was August 6, 1997, when Apples share price rose by 33.3% after Steve Jobs joined (Seeking Alpha, 2009). The companys stock fell by around 10% in 2009 when Steve Jobs became ill and news was disclosed (Seeking Alpha, 2009). The share price of Apple came down by more than 5% after the death of Steve Jobs in the year 2011 (Kollewe, 2011). The company was handed over to the new CEO Tim Cook in the year 2011 six months before the death of Steve Jobs. Apples has witnessed consistent market growth under the leadership of Tim Cook as can be inferred from the graph below. The share price rose significantly during 2011 but declines in 2012 after which sales surged till the companys stock fell by 9% under the in the year 2014 due to which company lost $44 billion (Fox, 2014). (Source: Titcomb, 2016). The most disastrous product under the leadership of Tim Cook was Apple maps that did not consider important transport routes (Titcomb, 2016). Apple watch was one of the most selling products by Tim Cook and was able to grab the attention of the users (Titcomb, 2016). iPhones series of 6S and 7S were also introduced by Tim Cook. Leadership Style of Tim Cook Tim Cook became Apples CEO in the year 2011. Tim Cook follows servant leadership style as opposed to Steve Jobs transformational and charismatic leadership style. He believes in trusting his team members and likes to admit his fault when wrong. He has a reserved personality and likes to listen to others so that he can learn from them. He does not command people or push them to work hard, instead remains humble to receive respect of others. Steve Jobs had a boisterous personality who would always stay at the centre through his critical comments for employees. On the other hand, Tim Cook attentively listens to his subordinates without questioning them and always pay attention to the smaller details of peoples speech. Steve Jobs always believed in innovation that led to creation of unique featured products including iphone, ipod, ipad and Macintosh. As opposed to Steve Jobs, Tim Cook focused on market expansion for Apple and increased the sales of the company by huge margins. Apple has been able to occupy the market of the two emerging countries of the world China and India under the direction of Tim Cook. Unlike Steve Jobs, Tim Cook has not yet developed any unique products apart from Apple map and watch. On one hand Steve Jobs had the ability to perceive the unknown future, on the other hand Tim Cook wants to create future through Apples epic global sales. Tim Cook is more sales oriented unlike Steve, who was product oriented and would put all his efforts into making the unique products. Current Issues of Global Leadership Steve Jobs was undoubtedly an inspiring and transformational leader who revolutionized the world through his innovative products of Apple. The credit for Apples success completely goes to Steve Jobs who was focused, enthusiastic, passionate and unconventional leader. Steve nurtured the company by merging his imagination with technology to develop innovative products. Apple has always witnessed rise in its share price under the leadership of Steve Job who was the only one to sustain the company through his fast pace learning and evolving ability. After the death of Steve Jobs, people have begun to question the leadership orientation of Apple. Apples new CEO Tim Cook focus has been to increase the sales of the company through market expansion and penetration. Tim Cook may bee have been able to increase the turnover of the company but have not been able to develop innovative products as opposed to Steve Jobs. Tim Cook has surged the sales of Apples iPhone that has negative and positive both sides. The positive side Apple which was once considered only for the upper class has now become approachable for the middle class consumers and the negative side is that every product goes through a product life cycle of growth, maturity and decline. iPhone has gone through the first two stages so decline stage is bound to come and the company has no new product to introduce in the market. Steve used to compete with his own products by introducing new products in the market due to which Apple was able to maintain its sustainability. Under the leadership of Tim Cook, sustainability of Apple becomes a questionable phenomenon which could pose threat to the company in its near future when Apples products would have to face decline phase in the global market. Conclusion The report has successfully analyzed the evolving and unique leadership style of Steve Jobs. Steves unconventional leadership style brought success to Apple by putting all his efforts into developing innovative products and revolutionizing the IT and music industry. He demonstrated a combination of transformational and charismatic leadership style where transformational being the major style. It was his transformational leadership style that encouraged his followers to push themselves harder by believing in the unseen. It was under his leadership that Apple witnessed a significant growth in the market share and the company went through a dark phase after his exit from the company during 1985. On the contrary, Tim Cook followed a servant leadership style by staying reserved and focused. Tim Cook has focused on sales instead of products and has expanded the market of the company by surging the sales and attaining driving huge profits. On one hand Steve has revolutionized the IT and music industry and marked a dent in the universe through his iconic and everlasting products, on the other hand, Tim Cook has taken the legacy of Steve beyond the country and entered almost every market of world. References Arthur, C. (2013). Apple had designed iPhone 5 before death of Steve Jobs. Retrieved from: https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2013/apr/02/apple-designed-iphone-5-before-death-steve-jobs Caldwell, R. (2012). Leadership and learning; A critical re?examination of Senges learning organization. Systematic Practical Action Research, 25, 39?55. Derr, C. L. (2012). Ethics and leadership. Journal of Leadership, Accountability and Ethics, 9(6), 66?71. Fox, J. (2014). Should Tim Cook Care About a 10% Stock Drop?. Retrieved from: https://hbr.org/2014/01/should-tim-cook-care-about-a-10-stock-drop Gayomali, C. (2015). 5 Surprising Insights About Steve Jobss Management Style. Retrieved from: https://www.fastcompany.com/3044205/5-surprising-insights-about-steve-jobs-management-style Hom, E.J. (2013). Steve Jobs Biography. Retrieved from: https://www.businessnewsdaily.com/4195-business-profile-steve-jobs.html International Review of Management and Business Research, 2(2), 355?361. Isaacson, W. (2012). The real leadership lessons of Steve Jobs. Retrieved from: https://hbr.org/2012/04/the-real-leadership-lessons-of-steve-jobs Kollewe, J. (2011). Apple stock price falls on news of Steve Jobs's death. The Guardian. Available at: Apple stock price falls on news of Steve Jobs's death [Accessed Online 5 April 2017]. Mackenzie, I. (2011).What made Steve Jobs unique?. Retrieved from: https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-15196874 McKnight, L. L. (2013). Transformational leadership in the context of punctuated change. Journal of Leadership, Accountability and Ethics, 10(2), 103?112. Mirror Business. (2015). Charismatic leadership style of Steve Jobs. Retrieved from: https://www.dailymirror.lk/73763/charismatic-leadership-style-of-steve-jobs Muenich, J. Williams, J. (2013). Universally enforced attributes of leadership with current prevalent leadership theories taught at Texas AM University. NACTA Journal, Special Issue, 45?50. Nazari, K. (2012). Leadership: A critical review of the context. Interdisciplinary Journal of Contemporary Research in Business, 3(9), 545?553. Northouse, P. G. (2013). Leadership: Theory and Practice (6thed.). California: Sage Publications Inc. Odumeru, J. A. Ifeanyi, G. O. (2013). Transformational vs. transactional leadership theories: Evidence in literature.Patel, V. M. (2012). Historical study of leadership theories. Journal of Strategic Human Resource Management, 1(1), 49?59.Seeking Alpha. (2009). The History of Apple Price Movements, Part 1. Retrieved from: https://seekingalpha.com/article/178016-the-history-of-apple-price- movements-part-1Segal, K. (2016). These traits made Steve Jobs a smart leader, according to his right-hand man. Retrieved from: https://www.businessinsider.com/why-steve-jobs-was-such-a-smart-leader-2016-6?IR=T Titcomb, J. (2016). How Tim Cook has changed Apple in five years. Retrieved from: https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/2016/08/23/how-tim-cook-has-changed-apple-in-five-years/ Tuan, L. T. (2012). The linkages among leadership, trust, and business ethics. Social Responsibility Journal, 8(1), 133? 148. Warwick Business School. (2016). Why Steve Jobs was such a charismatic leader. Retrieved from: https://www.wbs.ac.uk/news/why-steve-jobs-was-such-a-charismatic-leader1/ Westcott, R. (2014). Leadership Challenges. The Journal for Quality and Participation, 37(1), 8?12.

THOUGHTS ARE BETTER THAN ACTIONS Essays - , Term Papers

THOUGHTS ARE BETTER THAN ACTIONS The reports from the Department of Education Statistics show that more than 90 million American adults lack simple literacy. Less than 20 percent of them have the know-how of metaphors and less than 4 percent of them can calculate on a calculator when given a problem sum. 60,000 youngsters drop out by the middle of the school year. A number of these drop outs end up in the prison. Even these days 130,000 children bring in guns along with their books to school everyday. There has been an 85 percent increase in the juvenile arrests for murder from 1987 to 1991. It really depresses me when I look at these statistics and think of International students like me. We have come away from home into a completely different country, a completely different culture, only because of the educational opportunities here and are paying twice, thrice the amount an American resident is paying in tuition but most of the nationals don't seem to have recognition or the realization of the facilities that they can avail. All. just because they do not have enough time to waste on "thinking" about these matters. Education is the key to the development in any area of life of an individual. Education seems to pertain to all important aspects of one's life reflecting upon personal ideas and thoughts. I seem to believe that the mind of today's generation are from all aspects , no less creative than those of Einstein ,or for that matter , any person who we might look up to for their intelligence or creativity. The brains of the present are intelligent but numb, requiring a little exercise before can reach its true capabilities. Even though, one might be intensely involved in what they are doing, rarely have I found someone who really understood, and thought about what they do, why they do it and what is it that they really want. It somehow is just taken as a fact of life. Basically, I am from a Third world country where the masses are mainly illiterate. People see deep thinking as being extremely dangerous for the person health and is even believed to give birth to an evil mind. Generally people have blind faith in the fact that what their forefathers have been practicing is the best and only way in which they are to lead their lives. It so appears that a farmer's son is to be a farmer, tailor's son is to be a tailor and a doctor's son is to be a doctor. We are living in a world where we do not even have the freedom of thinking for what exactly we want without being influenced by how others might perceive it .All we seem to be concerned about is how the society feels about a certain thing, and as for our own minds, they are set to rest and go stale . Anyone who appears, to be pondering over something is believed to eventually go insane. I, for one have personally been laughed at and called things like, " He is most probably half way through conquering the world", " What does he think that just by sitting there and fantasizing , all the riches of the world are going to come to his doorstep", "In reality is that all this thinking is only meant for the philosophers ." As for most of us we have to work in order to earn a living and sitting idle and brooding over something is merely a waste of time. Even thinking of something so ordinary as what to wear for the next party is considered as a waste of time by some. If only we could sit down once in a while, and think of all that we have achieved, and all that we would want to achieve. Be grateful for what we have, and think of ways of getting what more we want .The regular creative use of the brain, accompanied by good education would definitely help in making peoples lives a whole lot happier and peaceful .

The Bell Jar Chapters 1 4 essays

The Bell Jar Chapters 1 4 essays The Bell Jar is about a young reporter, Esther Greenwood, and her life during an all expenses paid trip to New York in the 1950s. Esther won the month long trip in a fashion magazine, one of only twelve winners. She is jealous of all the rich girls staying at the all female hotel, especially since it is her first time out of her humble home in New England. In the presence of all the upper class girls, she feels out of place and unwelcome. While in New York, Esther meets Doreen, a social butterfly with no definite personality. While on their way to a party, they meet a man by the name of Lenny who invites them to have drinks they end up bypassing the party. Lennys friend is obviously into Esther, and Lenny is interested in Doreen. Lennys friends feelings are unwanted, and Esther spends most of the night trying to get away from him. Eventually Esther and Doreen are invited to Lennys house, and Doreen convinces Esther to go with her. As things begin to heat up between Lenny and Doreen, Esther feels out of place and wants to go back to the hotel, but is unable to because of Doreens insisting that she must stay to stop any funny business from ocurring. Eventually, Doreen invites the funny business and Esther walks all the way back to her hotel, on the other side of the city. After that night, Esther decides that she wont be close to Doreen and begins to focus her attention on a calmer person with higher goals Be tsy. After eating as much as possible at a banquet held by the magazine theyre interning for, Esther and Betsy become ill and vomit everywhere until they nearly passed out. When Esther wakes up, she finds out that everyone got food poisoning from the food at the banquet except for Doreen, who was socializing with Lenny at the time. Doreen tells Esther that the crab everyone ate had too much bacteria growing in it. ...

Psychological Effects of Organ Donation on the Organ Donor Dissertation

Psychological Effects of Organ Donation on the Organ Donor - Dissertation Example The two sources of organ donation are live human donors, mostly close family relatives of the patient in need of the organ, and cadaveric donors. Â  Live donors usually do it for altruistic reasons in the hope of saving the life of a loved one. On the other hand, in the case of cadaveric donation, the issue of consent of the deceased donor comes into question.The two sources of organ donation are live human donors, mostly close family relatives of the patient in need of the organ, and cadaveric donors. Â  Live donors usually do it for altruistic reasons in the hope of saving the life of a loved one. On the other hand, in the case of cadaveric donation, the issue of consent of the deceased donor comes into question.Straus and Corbin (1990) wrote that any phenomenon with limited information can still be better understood by using qualitative research methods. Qualitative methods are useful in unearthing new insights or perspectives on phenomena that are already much studied. It is po ssible to acquire more depth of information than what has surfaced so far, which may otherwise be difficult to explain quantitatively. Â  For this study, the qualitative method will be used, specifically, interviews with organ donors and their family members recruited from an organ donor facility or hospital. Â  At least 8 participants are targeted and their interviews will be guided by the following questions and their insights will be encouraged. Â  Data will be analyzed using thematic analysis which looks for patterns emerging from the data such as predominant thoughts, emotions and opinions commonly shared by the respondents regarding organ transplantation. This study will not claim that the data gathered will be representative of the views of the general population of organ donors and their families, however, it will contribute information to the literature on Health Psychology based on the data gathered

Write report of CESIM simulation of Production n R n D department Essay

Write report of CESIM simulation of Production n R n D department - Essay Example The director in charge of production provides support to satisfy the demands of all the three continents. Furthermore, the head of production has additional duties of handling manufacturing contracts to supply enough products for outsourcing. The Research and Development (R&D) department deals with improvements and innovations in new technology (Johnson, Whittington, and Scholes, 2011, 89). The department offers information new techniques of developing and improving products, which facilitates the expansion of company business activities as well as production and demand. Scholars identify that businesses have an essential to play in the manufacturing process within their operations (Johnson, Whittington, and Scholes, 2011, 67-8). Management of the same increases the competitive advantage of the company against rivals in the market. Significant relationships exist between supply and demand management therefore the company ought to undertake thorough analysis based on either supply shifter or demand shifter as environmental factors. It is possible to evaluate the capacity of the company to deal with the manufacturing process of the business in satisfying customer demands. In addition, it demonstrates the ability of the fir m to minimize the cost of production that resonates with the demand management. From the marketing outlook point of view and looking at the demand for mobile phones, it is observed that the demand for handsets has significantly increased since passengers are able to use the mobile phones even in the airplanes. Looking at the cost analysis, the transportation cost expected to fall by about 6% while the production cost is expected to remain unchanged. The competitiveness of the economy of China has resulted in its central bank selling huge amounts of Rmb in the FX market. This has consequently made Rmb fall by approximately 10% against the USD as the Euro also rebounds (Cesim,

Religious Perspectives Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Religious Perspectives - Essay Example As such, each forbids evil and enjoins good. That is the crux of any similarity in their perspectives. They seem to disagree on the very reason for the sermon. Popular observance of some holidays in honor of individuals is the main point of ideological contention between the speakers. The announcer leans toward approval while implying Shaykh Mahmud was somehow opposed (Windows, 109). He embraces the legendary remembrance of individuals. He focuses on the fallibility of scholars especially how they could inadvertently thwart good in their nearsightedness (Windows, 110). Shaykh Mahmud's sermon was a pretty standard "Be fair to others and praise your Maker" sermon. He did not explicitly oppose anything of the sort (Windows, 110 - 116). His non-mention of Sidi 'Abd ar-Rahman 'Uthman ash-Shahawi could be interpreted as a rejection of the proceedings Each speaker establishes a distinct position on how they believe Islam should be performed. The announcer approaches the celebration in terms of the overt observance of a holiday born in modern legend and appeals mostly to logic. Shaykh Mahmud approaches it in terms of the esoteric message appeals mostly to Qur'an and Sunnah of the Prophet Muhammad (SWS). One may infer certain points about the different ways that some contemporary Muslims think about Muslim devotional practices.

Ethical And Socially Responsible Business Practice Management Essay

Ethical And Socially Responsible Business Practice Management Essay Around the world organizations are being forced to struggle to meet the requirements of the existing generation without compromising the facilities of the succeeding generations to come across their own needs. Organizations are requested to take responsibility for the actions their conduct influence humanities and the natural environment. Additionally, they are being requested to implement sustainability principles to the habits in which they do their business. Sustainability in the organization refers to voluntary activities that exhibit the presence of public and ecological concerns in business actions and in connections with stakeholders. It is no further acceptable for an organization to practise economic success in separation from those which are impacted by its actions. An organization should now emphasize its attention on both maintaining its profits and being a good corporate citizen. Organizations have been forced to restructure their frameworks, rules and business models to provide both private and public benefits while keeping well-informed of global trends and remaining devoted to financial duties. To understand and improve existing efforts, the most socially responsible organizations carry on revising their short-term and long-term plans, to stay ahead of rapidly changing challenges. Although it is easier said but in reality the implementation is challenging and limited in scope, however, there are benefits to the organization. This piece of work will give an outline of the challenges, limitations that a business encounters and the strengths that are derived from their ethical and socially responsible business practice. Employees work excessive overtime, in some cases seven days a week, and live in crowded dorms. Some say they stand so long that their legs swell until they can hardly walk. More troubling, the groups say, is some suppliers disregard for workers health. Two years ago, 137 workers at an Apple supplier in eastern China were injured after they were ordered to use a poisonous chemical to clean  iPhone screens. Within seven months last year, two explosions at iPad factories, including in Chengdu, killed four people and injured 77. Duhigg Barboza. The New York Times (2012).  In China, Human Costs Are Built Into an iPad.   Organizations, here for instance Apple Inc., to escape from their unethical and embarrassing situation to entail them to additional costs in order to decrease the excessive hours of labour. For example, a decrease in the regular working hours from the existing sixty to seventy hours per week to forty-eight hours per week would demand in the region of more than 30 per cent upsurge in the labour force to sustain the existing rate of productivity. In order to provide accommodations for the increase in labour force the factory would be required to build extra related infrastructure, such as kitchenettes, security guards, healthcare policies and transportation facilities. The initial capital investment has to be quite generous to rapidly amend all the situations at hand. The labour force, usually in developing countries, do not prefer less overtime hours because it sinks their earnings. Factory owners love to keep regular wages as low as possible so as to incentivize workers toward overtime work. Considering the point of view of the factor owner or organizations, such as Apple Inc., the actual cost is the average wage per hour and the difference between fixed and overtime wage rates is a scheme to make the labour force work more hours. The issues surrounding well-being and safety relating to production facilities are also rooted in the principal manufacturing scheme and occur for reasons that are similar to wages and working hours. The improvements to the physical conditions to the factory would include improved air filtration arrangement, better tangible work assets and the establishment of safety equipment would entail to non-productive capital factory area and result in the rise of operating expenses without proportionate rise in the quantity of units manufactured per any measures of productive efficiencies. From Apples viewpoint, the disputes of the labour force earnings and working environment has been the needless interference that must be minimized before the strong and determined displeasure of Apples customers, stockholders and regulators who are their three main body of voters. To abide by with higher standards of social responsibility, organizations have undertaken inspection on the firms they employed in their supply chain. Differences between authentic and audit results do exist. For example, at Foxconn after the heart-breaking events of workers suicide, Apple inspected the working condition of those related factories. Its enquiry report demonstrated no problems of worker overtime and no child labour. Ironically, after the assurance of good working conditions in the enquiry report, the suicide incidents have continued. The difficulty in auditing is that the firm can hide the faults and workers can hide the truth out of fear. When becoming involved in ethical business practices, developing consumer scepticism limits the business progress. They are doubtful about the true incentive behind the practices and are not easily influenced that a business is acting in the benefits of the community. Another significant limitation that results from business practices is that it can negatively affect business profits. How can a business defend expenditure on activities that offer no returns for the business? Unethical practices will cause a bad reputation which in effect will result in falling stock prices. Organizations that maintain high ethical principles are provided with legal and financial incentives by regulatory bodies. Facing mounting criticism, factories have made significant changes, but bigger steps are ahead for electronics supplier. Foxconn,  Apples top manufacturer, has improved safety conditions and cut working hours in an effort to resolve violations at its plants that triggered a global scandal for the iPad and iPhone maker. The FLA said Foxconn had made significant improvements such as introducing more breaks and better maintenance of safety equipment. The company more than doubled wages after protests from worker groups and is backing a local law adjustment that will extend unemployment insurance. Dominic Rushe. The Guardian (2012).  Apple manufacturer Foxconn improves on Chinese workers hours and safety. Evaluating the above reference it is observed that Apple realized the bigger picture. In general and in accordance to the reference, a number of strengths can be derived in advantage to Apple and organizations. Ethical business practices can provide a distinction of an organization from its competition. Whether an organization is affiliating with non-profit organizations, offering employee benefits, maintaining environment friendly policies these practices will improve your companys internal atmosphere and industry connections. All these aspects will develop the organization reputation and build a long-term strategy for success. As the organization grows a reputation for ethical business practices, the customers will begin to consider the business as trustworthy and morally honest. The confidence your customers sense for the organization is an essential element in developing long-term customer relationships and brand loyalty provided your business provided quality products. These passionate customers will talk to their related people and positively create more brand loyal customers. Brand loyal customers are a good medium of advertising helping organizations to become profitable and successful. Ethical and socially responsible business practices towards the organizations employees such as providing being working environment and incentives will lead to efficiency and productivity. The productivity of employees increases with good ethical practices existing in an organization. People regard ethics, social responsibility and business ethics in terms of administrative defiance with legal principles and observance to internal regulations. In order to achieve success many organizations believe that they must earn the respect and assurance of their customers. Organizations are being questioned, encouraged and pushed to improve their business practices to put emphasis on legal and ethical conduct. Companies, professional firms and individuals are being held more and more responsible for their engagements, as demand grows for higher principles of corporate social responsibility. Business will be obstructed by challenges and limitations but it will require a lot of patience, encouragement and money to gain the benefits from their ethical and socially responsible practices. 1347 words

John Adams Influence on America :: American History

John Adams' Influence on America JOHN ADAMS – A SHORT BIOGRAPHY HISTORY 1301 – U.S. HISTORY TO 1877 WHEN SEARCHING FOR THE MOST INFLUENTIAL PERSON DURING THE EARLY U.S. HISTORY, GEORGE WASHINGTON COMES TO THE FOREFRONT. INCIDENTLY, DUE TO THE GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION OF THE RESEARCH, THERE WAS INSUFFICIENT INFORMATION ON PEOPLE OR EVENTS ON HISTORY BEFORE 1877. TO MY SURPRISE, INFORMATION WAS LOCATED ON JOHN AND ABIGAIL ADAMS. JOHN AND ABIGAIL ADAMS SUPPOSIVELY HAD A WONDERFUL LIFE AND MARRIAGE TOGETHER. JOHN ADAMS SOMETIMES SEEMED TO BE A CONTRADICTING, RUDE AND OUTSPOKEN MAN, BUT AT OTHER TIMES PLAYFUL AND TENDER. ABIGAIL’S INTELLIGENT, CARING AND WITTY CHARACTER MADE UP FOR JOHN’S MANNERS, THEIR MARRIAGE SIGNIFIES THE POSITION IN WHICH A WOMAN WAS INVOLVED IN THE EVOLVING OF A GREAT MAN, FOR HER IMPORTANT FAMILY CONNECTIONS PROBABLY BENEFITED HIS CAREER. JOHN ADAMS WAS BORN IN 1735, BRAINTREE, MASSACHUSETTS TO JOHN ADAMS AND SUSANNA BOYLSTON. JOHN ADAMS WAS THE ELDEST OF THREE SONS. MR AD AMS WAS A DEACON AND FARMER (WHICH MEANT THE FAMILY WAS NOT WEALTHY). MRS ADAMS WAS BORN FROM ONE OF THE FIRST FAMILIES OF MASSACHUSETTS (THE BOYLSTON’S OWNED A LOT OF PROPERTY). JOHN ADAMS GRADUATED FROM HARVARD IN 1755. UPON GRADUATING, HE WAS OFFERED A JOB TO TEACH IN WORCHESTER. LIKE MOST BACHELORS, JOHN HAD NO INTEREST IN CHILDREN OR THE SLIGHTEST UNDERSTANDING OF THEM. BUT LIKE ANYONE HE ADAPTED TO THE SITUATION, PROBABLY BECAUSE HE HAD TWO YOUNGER BROTHERS. JOHN MARRIED ABIGAIL SMITH IN 1764. ABIGAIL WAS THE SECOND OF FOUR CHILDREN, BORN IN 1744. ABIGAIL WAS A MINISTER’S DAUGHTER ( REV WILLIAM SMITH ) FROM THE NEARBY TOWN OF WEYMOUTH. SHE KNEW OF JOHN THROUGH A COUSIN, HANNAH QUINCY. JOHN WOULD COME TO HER HOUSE WITH HER SISTER’S (MARY) FINANCEE (MR CRANCH). JOHN AND ABIGAIL BEGAN DATING ON THE DAY THE FAMILY PLANNED HER SISTER’S WEDDING. JOHN THOUGHT ABIGAIL WAS THE MOST EDUCATED WOMAN HE HAD MET. ABIGAIL’S MOTHER, ELIZABETH QUINCY, DIDNâ⠂¬â„¢T THINK TOO HIGHLY OF JOHN BECAUSE SHE THOUGHT LAWYERS WERE WICKED. THEY COURTED FOR SOME TIME. MRS SMITH WAS RESPONSIBLE FOR THE DELAY, SUPPOSIVELY SHE COULD NOT BARE TO LOSE TWO DAUGHTERS IN ONE YEAR. UPON MARRIAGE TO JOHN, ABIGAIL MOVED TO BRAINTREE. SHE HAD TO TRANSITION FROM THE POSITION OF A FIRST FAMILY OF WEYMOUTH TO THE MODEST SOCIAL STANDING OF THE ADAMS. SOMEHOW ABIGAIL FOLLOWED THE SAME STEPS AS JOHN’S MOTHER (THE BOYLSTON, WAS ONE OF THE FIRST FAMILIES OF MASSACHUSETTS) WHO THOUGHT TO HAVE MARRIED BENEATH HER WHEN SHE CHOSE JOHN ADAMS. John Adams' Influence on America :: American History John Adams' Influence on America JOHN ADAMS – A SHORT BIOGRAPHY HISTORY 1301 – U.S. HISTORY TO 1877 WHEN SEARCHING FOR THE MOST INFLUENTIAL PERSON DURING THE EARLY U.S. HISTORY, GEORGE WASHINGTON COMES TO THE FOREFRONT. INCIDENTLY, DUE TO THE GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION OF THE RESEARCH, THERE WAS INSUFFICIENT INFORMATION ON PEOPLE OR EVENTS ON HISTORY BEFORE 1877. TO MY SURPRISE, INFORMATION WAS LOCATED ON JOHN AND ABIGAIL ADAMS. JOHN AND ABIGAIL ADAMS SUPPOSIVELY HAD A WONDERFUL LIFE AND MARRIAGE TOGETHER. JOHN ADAMS SOMETIMES SEEMED TO BE A CONTRADICTING, RUDE AND OUTSPOKEN MAN, BUT AT OTHER TIMES PLAYFUL AND TENDER. ABIGAIL’S INTELLIGENT, CARING AND WITTY CHARACTER MADE UP FOR JOHN’S MANNERS, THEIR MARRIAGE SIGNIFIES THE POSITION IN WHICH A WOMAN WAS INVOLVED IN THE EVOLVING OF A GREAT MAN, FOR HER IMPORTANT FAMILY CONNECTIONS PROBABLY BENEFITED HIS CAREER. JOHN ADAMS WAS BORN IN 1735, BRAINTREE, MASSACHUSETTS TO JOHN ADAMS AND SUSANNA BOYLSTON. JOHN ADAMS WAS THE ELDEST OF THREE SONS. MR AD AMS WAS A DEACON AND FARMER (WHICH MEANT THE FAMILY WAS NOT WEALTHY). MRS ADAMS WAS BORN FROM ONE OF THE FIRST FAMILIES OF MASSACHUSETTS (THE BOYLSTON’S OWNED A LOT OF PROPERTY). JOHN ADAMS GRADUATED FROM HARVARD IN 1755. UPON GRADUATING, HE WAS OFFERED A JOB TO TEACH IN WORCHESTER. LIKE MOST BACHELORS, JOHN HAD NO INTEREST IN CHILDREN OR THE SLIGHTEST UNDERSTANDING OF THEM. BUT LIKE ANYONE HE ADAPTED TO THE SITUATION, PROBABLY BECAUSE HE HAD TWO YOUNGER BROTHERS. JOHN MARRIED ABIGAIL SMITH IN 1764. ABIGAIL WAS THE SECOND OF FOUR CHILDREN, BORN IN 1744. ABIGAIL WAS A MINISTER’S DAUGHTER ( REV WILLIAM SMITH ) FROM THE NEARBY TOWN OF WEYMOUTH. SHE KNEW OF JOHN THROUGH A COUSIN, HANNAH QUINCY. JOHN WOULD COME TO HER HOUSE WITH HER SISTER’S (MARY) FINANCEE (MR CRANCH). JOHN AND ABIGAIL BEGAN DATING ON THE DAY THE FAMILY PLANNED HER SISTER’S WEDDING. JOHN THOUGHT ABIGAIL WAS THE MOST EDUCATED WOMAN HE HAD MET. ABIGAIL’S MOTHER, ELIZABETH QUINCY, DIDNâ⠂¬â„¢T THINK TOO HIGHLY OF JOHN BECAUSE SHE THOUGHT LAWYERS WERE WICKED. THEY COURTED FOR SOME TIME. MRS SMITH WAS RESPONSIBLE FOR THE DELAY, SUPPOSIVELY SHE COULD NOT BARE TO LOSE TWO DAUGHTERS IN ONE YEAR. UPON MARRIAGE TO JOHN, ABIGAIL MOVED TO BRAINTREE. SHE HAD TO TRANSITION FROM THE POSITION OF A FIRST FAMILY OF WEYMOUTH TO THE MODEST SOCIAL STANDING OF THE ADAMS. SOMEHOW ABIGAIL FOLLOWED THE SAME STEPS AS JOHN’S MOTHER (THE BOYLSTON, WAS ONE OF THE FIRST FAMILIES OF MASSACHUSETTS) WHO THOUGHT TO HAVE MARRIED BENEATH HER WHEN SHE CHOSE JOHN ADAMS.

Branding strategy for Mobinil Essay

1. Given all the changes in the branding strategy for Mobinil over the years, has the Mobinil brand conveyed a consistent meaning to customers? Is this a benefit or detriment as the mobile service provider business moves forward in Egypt with the entry of Etisalat and Vodafone? In my opinion, Mobinil has conveyed a consistent meaning to customers because even after years of existing, they still focus on their main mission – providing reliable and simple services that increase interaction and improve communication. I believe that entry of Etisalat and Vodafone was a benefit, because even though Mobinil was not a monopoly anymore, it still could learn from competitors and improve their service to satisfy customers’ needs. Mobinil does researches to be aware of competitors’ strengths and weaknesses that help the company to stay successful. 2. What is Mobinil selling? What are customers really buying? Mobinil is selling mobile devices and services. Customers are buying ability to communicate and on-the-go connectivity – core product. They are buying mobile devices and services – actual product. While buying mobile devices, people also get warranties and instructions that help them with using the device – augmented product. 3. Will the many reasons for Mobinil’s success continue to work with the increasing presence of Vodafone and Etisalat? Why or why not? In my opinion Mobinil will still be successful because the company always does researches to know what competitors are doing, so they can provide better service for their customers. Mobinil now is the leader for mobile services in Egypt and I believe they will continue to improve their work because of their successful marketing strategy and customers’ loyalty. 4. What futuristic strategic recommendations would you make to the Mobinil brand managers? Try to meet customer expectations and reach the desired level of excellence. Mobinil should also make more agreements with networks in†¦

Life in the Past and Life Now-Comparison.

Life in the past and life now-comparison. Over the last century, there have been many significant changes in the way we live. Obviously, it is hard to compare the life of the ancient people and the life of the people of the twenty first century because so many changes have occurred. However, even the changes that have taken place over the last ten years are amazing. To start with, people were not able to travel such long distances in such short period of time. The planes were not that popular then because they used to be a very expensive means of transport.Nowadays, we have become very mobile. We have fast and comfortable cars and more and more people also travel by plane. Moreover, in the past people had to work much harder as they did not have tools which made their work easier. Today, most of the difficult and dangerous work is done by computers and other machines. In the past the conditions of living were not as comfortable as they are now. There were not bathrooms and running wa ter in many houses, besides many people could not afford household appliances like fridge, TV set or vacuum cleaner because they used to be luxurious goods.Another difference between living now and in the past is the fact that nowadays the access to education is much easier. In the past, there were fewer schools and the quality of the education they provided was much poorer. Besides, nowadays it is much easier to find the educational materials that you need thanks to the Internet. Another difference is that in the past there were not that many sources of entertainment. Therefore people used to spend more time with their friends.All things considering, it is an obvious conclusion that life has changed significantly in the last couple of years. It is definitely much easier now however, it is not easy to decide whether it is also better. The scientific achievements and technological progress are amazing. We still create new inventions which simplify our lives. On the other hand, howeve r, life now is much faster and busier than it used to be in the past. Moreover, it has also become more dangerous. The standard of living has definitely improved but it can be discussed whether the quality of our lives is also better. Life in the Past and Life Now-Comparison. Life in the past and life now-comparison. Over the last century, there have been many significant changes in the way we live. Obviously, it is hard to compare the life of the ancient people and the life of the people of the twenty first century because so many changes have occurred. However, even the changes that have taken place over the last ten years are amazing. To start with, people were not able to travel such long distances in such short period of time. The planes were not that popular then because they used to be a very expensive means of transport.Nowadays, we have become very mobile. We have fast and comfortable cars and more and more people also travel by plane. Moreover, in the past people had to work much harder as they did not have tools which made their work easier. Today, most of the difficult and dangerous work is done by computers and other machines. In the past the conditions of living were not as comfortable as they are now. There were not bathrooms and running wa ter in many houses, besides many people could not afford household appliances like fridge, TV set or vacuum cleaner because they used to be luxurious goods.Another difference between living now and in the past is the fact that nowadays the access to education is much easier. In the past, there were fewer schools and the quality of the education they provided was much poorer. Besides, nowadays it is much easier to find the educational materials that you need thanks to the Internet. Another difference is that in the past there were not that many sources of entertainment. Therefore people used to spend more time with their friends.All things considering, it is an obvious conclusion that life has changed significantly in the last couple of years. It is definitely much easier now however, it is not easy to decide whether it is also better. The scientific achievements and technological progress are amazing. We still create new inventions which simplify our lives. On the other hand, howeve r, life now is much faster and busier than it used to be in the past. Moreover, it has also become more dangerous. The standard of living has definitely improved but it can be discussed whether the quality of our lives is also better.

Black Solidarity essays

Black Solidarity essays " I have a dream that my four little children will one day live in a nation where they will not be judged by the color of their skin but by the content of their character" This quote above probably touches the entire part of both of the essay's that we will be discussing about, it is not just a quote but a prophesy that was fulfilled and a dream that came to be true for Dr king and for the African American society in the north American continent. Throughout time human civilization have battled each other due to the cause of differences in color and culture. it's still exists within our time, mankind has not found a solution to this problem but who knows this is just my opinion, although situation certainly have improved due to the course of time because the world as we know it was different in those days. The previous world has adjusted into a new world. where we have the privilege to make our choice on what we should do for our own choices on what we should do for our own as it suits us. In the old days when there was not muc h of civilization and the people restricted themselves to their own kind and also due to many other factors, it will not be an exaggeration to say that multi-culturalism and mixture of different race in America was unimaginable to some scholars. But it turned out very differently and later on race being a subject of debate whether it is genetic or social, let me give an example of a social activity that affects and shapes identity in the course of our daily life, I was raised in a very religious family, since my parents were Christians; the same belief was passed on to me and other cultural activities as well. In the essay race, culture, identity: misunderstood connections by Kwame Anthony Appiah and social identity and group solidarity by Tommie Shelby discusses on the issue both relat...

Classroom management Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Classroom management - Research Paper Example Interviews conducted with Asian teachers who had migrated to the United States revealed rampant discipline problems inside the classroom. These problems include students arriving late, yawning too loud, sleeping during lectures, bullying, and putting feet up on desks, among others. These classroom discipline problems are not confined to the United States alone, as they are beginning to spring up in the Singaporean school system, where discipline problems have in the past been extremely rare. Previously, discipline problems have existed in schools to a minor extent. However, in the past ten years, survey results show the condition escalating, thereby necessitating the development of new classroom discipline methods in order to keep the focus on learning (Tan & Yuanshan, 1999). Discussion Because all behavioral problems, and bullying in particular, have harmful effects that can undermine the learning process, some sectors suggest that teachers should be strict in implementing school ru les and regulations in order to curtail the persistence of bullying and other disruptive behaviors in the classroom. However, often behavioral problems first arise in the home, and therefore enforcing discipline at school does not address the whole problem. There is also the possibility of teachers misunderstanding the limitations of strict discipline, and abusing the power they have been given by being aggressive and causing physical and verbal abuse. Psychological research shows that children learn best in a safe and supportive environment; therefore, enforcing strict rules may not be the solution to behavioral problems. Instead, a discipline solution should be developed based on the principles of understanding and encouragement. Children need stability and structure; therefore, rules should be made and enforced consistently but fairly. Students must be aware that bullying or any kind of disrespect towards others will not be tolerated, and must be informed of the consequences in a dvance. Teachers can also emphasize team building within the classroom by placing students into groups (or families), thereby encouraging students to be supportive of each other and work together to achieve common goals. Collaborative learning entails utilizing human relationships to promote safety, accomplishment, and mastery (Bruffee, 1999). Others suggest teachers should be equipped with skills to create their own strategies to resolve whatever behavioral problems they may encounter in the classroom. This applies particularly to immigrant teachers. In a study conducted by Oriaro (2007), it was revealed that teachers from Kenya struggled to resolve discipline problems due to a lack of formal training in the area of classroom discipline. These teachers did not necessarily understand their school’s policies and procedures, and tended to rely on their past experience to manage their classroom. However, sometimes past experience is not enough, and specific training must be give n to assist teachers in classroom management skills, although there is no guarantee that such training will eliminate all classroom discipline problems. Teachers must have an intuition about which behavioral

The Glycolysis Process in Humans and in Yeast Essay

The Glycolysis Process in Humans and in Yeast - Essay Example These two molecules will each yield 2 ATPs and 1 NADH during the 5-step payoff stage for a net gain of 2 ATPs and 1 NADH (Audesirk, Audesirk, & Byers 2006 p.102). These bonus ATP molecules will be used by the body's muscles as glycolysis converts glucose to energy. The investment stage begins its 5-step process by converting the glucose to a charged phosphate, which is then trapped inside the cell wall, which is impenetrable to ions (Campbell & Reese 2002 p.162). From this point on the process in non-reversible. The reaction in the initial stage expends the first ATP. Step 3 expends the second ATP as fructose 6-phosphate is converted into fructose 1,6-bisphosphate (Audesirk, Audesirk, & Byers 2006 p.102). Step 4 will split this molecule into two carbon intermediaries to be processed separately by the generation phase (McMurry & Castillion 2003 p.670). Step 6 oxidizes by the transfer of NAD+ to the sugar from step 5. During step 6-7 of the generation phase the process yields 1 NADH and 1 ATP respectively (Audesirk, Audesirk, & Byers 2006 p.102). Since there were 2 molecules produced by the generation phase, the output is actually doubled. At this point the glycolysis reaction is at a break even point. It has invested 2 ATPs and yielded 2 ATPs. Step 10 creates another ATP molecule by transferring the phosphoenolpyruvate from step 9 to ATP and pyruvate (McMurry & Castillion 2003 p.163).

List of Individual Rights Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

List of Individual Rights - Research Paper Example The English Bill declares that choosing the members of parliament should be unrestricted. As such, limits on speeches in parliamentary debates like other bills. The English Bill of Rights is a manuscript that has a great significance in the English history. It is also a very vital chapter of the rights to those subjects under the English Law. The bill had some dissimilarity with US Bill of rights. The dissimilarities arose due to the difference in the process of enacting and undoing the bill (Vile, 2003). Unlike the US Bill of Rights, the English Bill of Rights could be enacted and undone by the statues. The US Bill of Rights could be enacted and undone by the constitutional amendment. Additionally, unlike the other Bills, which refer to the amendments in constitutions, the English one describes the rights for the individuals to petition the King (Vile, 2003). â€Å"The US Bills of Rights 1789† In 1989, the Congress in the US received 17 amendments of which ten were accepted a nd integrated into the constitutions. The ten integrated were named the Bill of Rights. The US Bills of Rights is similar to other bills like the English Bills of Rights. Some of the amendments in the US especially from amendment one to six have similar elements as those in the English Bill of Rights. Unlike the US Bills of Rights, the other bills of rights are more expansive. ... is a global customary law that describes the understanding of the inviolable rights of individuals like the US and the English Bill of rights (Horvits & Catherwood, 2006). The document by the General Assembly has some similarities with the other bill of rights especially the US Bills of Rights. This is because it was adopted based on the US Bills of rights. Additionally, like other Bills of Rights it consists of a list of the rights of persons from their private lives to their participation in the society (Horvits &Catherwood, 2006). The Universal Declaration of Human Rights 1948 is different from the US Bill of Rights and the English Bill of Rights since it is applicable globally. The others are only application to the states in which they were amended but not other countries. Additionally, it describes the responsibilities of the international community members (Horvits &Catherwood, 2006). Philosophical underpinnings The creators of the lawful system in the countries gave individua ls in the states the ideas used in developing the state particularly those who are within the Declaration of Independence and the constitution (Whitehead, 2008). In the Declaration of Independence, the words like life, autonomy, and contentment are very common. In the Bills of Rights, happiness is connected to material success and individuals are happy after owning property. In the present America, individuals love material things and the philosophical underpinnings related to the right to possess property are found in the books written by philosophers like John Locke (Whitehead, 2008). In his book, John Locke showed that individuals correspond with the Natures’ harmony. According to the philosopher, God made man and man’s mind; hence, it is possible for man to make his mind to be in

Greek religion and mythology Essay Example for Free

Greek religion and mythology Essay In Greek religion and mythology, Pan (Ancient Greek: ÃŽ  Ã¡ ¾ ¶ÃŽ ½, PÄ n) is the god of the wild, shepherds and flocks, nature of mountain wilds, hunting and rustic music, and companion of the nymphs.[1] His name originates within the Ancient Greek language, from the word paein (πΠ¬ÃŽ µÃŽ ¹ÃŽ ½), meaning to pasture.[2] He has the hindquarters, legs, and horns of a goat, in the same manner as a faun or satyr. With his homeland in rustic Arcadia, he is recognized as the god of fields, groves, and wooded glens; because of this, Pan is connected to fertility and the season of spring. The ancient Greeks also considered Pan to be the god of theatrical criticism.[3] In Roman religion and myth, Pans counterpart was Faunus, a nature god who was the father of Bona Dea, sometimes identified as Fauna. In the 18th and 19th centuries, Pan became a significant figure in the Romantic movement of western Europe, and also in the 20th-century Neopagan movement.[4] Origins In his earliest appearance in literature, Pindars Pythian Ode iii. 78, Pan is associated with a mother goddess, perhaps Rhea or Cybele; Pindar refers to virgins worshipping Cybele and Pan near the poets house in Boeotia.[5] The parentage of Pan is unclear;[6] in some myths he is the son of Zeus, though generally he is the son of Hermes or Dionysus, with whom his mother is said to be a nymph, sometimes Dryope or, in Nonnus, Dionysiaca (14.92), Penelope of Mantineia in Arcadia. This nymph at some point in the tradition became conflated with Penelope, the wife of Odysseus. Pausanias 8.12.5 records the story that Penelope had in fact been unfaithful to her husband, who banished her to Mantineia upon his return. Other sources (Duris of Samos; the Vergilian commentator Servius) report that Penelope slept with all 108 suitors in Odysseus absence, and gave birth to Pan as a result.[7] This myth reflects the folk etymology that equates Pans name (ÃŽ  ÃŽ ¬ÃŽ ½) with the Greek word for all (Ï€á ¾ ¶ÃŽ ½).[8] It is more likely to be cognate with paein, to pasture, and to share an origin with the modern English word pasture. In 1924, Hermann Collitz suggested that Greek Pan and Indic Pushan might have a common Indo-European origin.[9] In the Mystery cults of the highly syncretic Hellenistic era[10] Pan is made cognate with Phanes/Protogonos, Zeus, Dionysus and Eros.[11] The Roman Faunus, a god of Indo-European origin, was equated with Pan. However, accounts of Pans genealogy are so varied that it must lie buried deep in mythic time. Like other nature spirits, Pan appears to be older than the Olympians, if it is true that he gave Artemis her hunting dogs and taught the secret of prophecy to Apollo. Pan might be multiplied as the Panes (Burkert 1985, III.3.2; Ruck and Staples 1994 p 132[12]) or the Paniskoi. Kerenyi (p. 174) notes from scholia that Aeschylus in Rhesus distinguished between two Pans, one the son of Zeus and twin of Arcas, and one a son of Cronus. In the retinue of Dionysos, or in depictions of wild landscapes, there appeared not only a great Pan, but also little Pans, Paniskoi, who played the same part as the Satyrs.

Electronic Structure and Spontaneous Polarization in BiFeO3

Electronic Structure and Spontaneous Polarization in BiFeO3 Electronic structure and spontaneous polarization in multiferroic bulk BiFeO3 Z. Mahhouti 1,2,3,* , H. El Moussaoui 1 , M. Hamedoun 1 , M. El Marssi 3 , A. Lahmar 2 , A. El Kenz 2 , and A. Benyoussef 1,2,4 Abstract: The electronic structure, magnetic properties and spontaneous polarization in Bismuth ferrite BiFeO3 are investigated using first-principle calculations. The computed results show that the ground state of bulk BiFeO3 is rhombohedral R3c symmetry with G-type antiferromagnetic ordering and insulating, the computed results are in good agreement with available experiments. The electronic structure has been studied using the full potential linearized augmented plane wave (FP-LAPW) method within generalized gradient approximation (GGA) and modified Becke-Johnson potential (mBJ). Therefore, the finding band gap value is equal to the experimental value (Eg=2.5 eV) and much better than other theoretical values, the local magnetic moment at the Fe atoms reaches the experimental value and it is in good agreement with previously reported theoretical, with the large atomic displacement the modern theory of polarization predicts a large spontaneous polarization in multiferroic bulk BiFeO3. INTRODUCTION The multiferroic term denotes the coexistence of several ferroic orders (ferroelectric, ferromagnetic, and ferroelastic) in one material[1], coupled or not. Multiferroic materials are very rare because the origins of ferroelectricity and ferromagnetism are hardly compatible as shown by Hill et al.[2][3]. However, there are some exceptions such as La0.1Bi0.9MnO3 which is ferroelectric below 770 K and ferromagnetic below 105 K[4]. The definition of multiferroic has therefore been extended to materials with antiferroic orders such as BiFeO3 which is ferroelectric and antiferromagnetic.      Ã‚   Bismuth ferrite BiFeO3 (BFO) is one of the few magnetoelectric multiferroics who has simultaneously ferroelectric and antiferromagnetic orders under ambient conditions of temperature and pressure. Indeed, its high Curie temperature (TC = 1103 K)[5] and Nà ©el temperature (TN = 643 K)[6] provide a wide range of applications at different temperatures[7] such as spintronics, data storage and microelectronic devices[8][9], In addition, a magnetoelectric coupling is possible at room temperature. Recently, BFO has seen a considerable increase in interest since the discovery of a much better spontaneous polarization, greater than 150  µC/cm2, when the material is grown in thin layers[10]. This discovery aroused great enthusiasm among the scientific community who wanted to explain the origin of some phenomenon and explore this material again. The phase diagram established according to the reference[11] shows the succession of three phases with increasing of temperature denoted à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¡, à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¢,and à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ §, respectively. In its bulk form and at room temperature, BFO has a distorted perovskite structure with rhombohedral symmetry and space group R3c (a = b = c = 5.63 Ã…, à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¡ = 59.4 °)[12][8]. The primitive unit cell contains two formula units (ten atoms), each Fe atom is surrounded by six antiparallel spin neighbors, the magnetic moments are oriented perpendicularly to the [111] direction, which leads to develop a G-type antiferromagnetic order on the whole of the material. However, new observations have revealed that the direction in which antiferromagnetism manifests rotates through the crystal[13]. This noncollinearity propagates within the material with a period from 620 Ã… to 640 Ã…[13][14] and superimposes on the G-type antiferromagnetic order. As the noncollinearity is quite minimal , the simplification to a collinear magnetic structure is possible[15]. In this paper, the noncollinearity effects were not taken during our calculations. Since BFO is grown as a thin layers, the material may undergo a compressive or extensive stress due to the difference between the primitive cell of the material in its bulk form and those of the monocrystalline substrate, the small grown thickness is able to accept any relaxation of the structure. This can cause changes in the structure parameters of the crystal compared to its bulk form. However, other experimental works[16][17] showed that even BFO grown in thin layers, retains its rhombohedral symmetry. For a long time BFO considered too low to be exploitable ( Ps = 6.1  µC/cm2 ) according to the first measurements of Teague et al.[5], the ferroelectricity of BFO was studied again following the results of Young et al.[10] on thin layers of BFO ( Ps = 158  µC/cm2). However, many experimental studies carried out during this period gave a confusing results, the spontaneous polarization varying from 2.2  µC/cm2 [18] to 158  µC/cm2 [10]. The study of the ferroelectricity of BFO is a concrete example to combine experimental results and theoretical calculations. In this case, the calculation methods allow to explain the difference between the first measured values of bulk BFO and those obtained on the same material grown in thin layers. In this paper, we study in detail the magnetic properties of bulk BFO, while considering a G-type antiferromagnetic order. But it is necessary to determine first the electronic configuration and to calculate the band gap, in order to understand and obtain the theoretical model which corresponds to the reality of the material, and then to determine the spontaneous polarization using modern theory of polarization. METHOD The calculations which we present in the remainder of this paper use the density functional theory (DFT) implemented in WIEN2k code. The interactions between electrons and ions are described in the framework of full potential linearized augmented plane wave (FP-LAPW) method. As the 3d electrons in transition -metal Fe atom are incompletely filled, the spin density approximation was employed withinstry the Perdew-Burke-Ernzerhof (PBE) form of the generalized gradient approximation (GGA) and modified Becke-Johnson potential (mBJ). The new version of the exchange potential, proposed for the first time by the Becke and Johnson[19], was recently published by Tran and Blaha[20]. The modified Becke-Johnson potential (mBJ) proposed by Tran and Blaha is: With is the electronic density, is kinetic energy density and is the potential of Becke-Roussel. In this work, the mBJ potential is used in combination with the GGA-PBE approximation to compute the electronic structure, magnetic properties and spontaneous polarization in multiferroic bulk BFO. Our calculations do not include the spin-orbit interactions and the noncollinearity effects. The mesh of the first Brillouin zone in the reciprocal space was carried out using a 4 x 4 x 4 Monkhorst-Pack k-points grid. The structural parameters of BFO in space group R3c ( i.e, the lattice constant and atomic positions ) are considered as calculated by Wang et al.[8] as given from Kubel et al.[12]. The results of relaxing the cell volume, rhombohedral angle, and atomic positions within the R3c symmetry in reference[8] show that there is an alternation of Bi3+ and Fe3+ ions along the [111] axis; Each of these atoms is surrounded by six oxygen atoms, which thus form an octahedron around each cat ion. Inside the octahedron FeO6, the Fe3+ ion is outside the FeO2 plane (forming the base of the octahedron), which leads a distortion of the octahedron. The calculation of the spontaneous polarization using the modern theory of polarization is carried out by determining the difference in polarization between two symmetry (The non-centrosymmetric phase R3c which is ferroelectric and the centrosymmetric phase R-3c supposed paraelectric). In order to evaluate the polarization of the structure studied, we must therefore use a structure (centrosymmetric) as a reference with the same unit cell as the real structure (non-centrosymmetric), but its atomic positions do not induce electrical dipoles. Energetically, these two structures are very close, which confirms our choice of R-3c symmetry as a centrosymmetric reference. They differ by the addition of a center of inversion within the symmetry, and the passage from one symmetry to the other is due to the displacement of the atoms along the [111] direction which is accompanied with a rotation of the FeO6 octahedra perpendicular to the same direction. This evolution of the paraelectric phase t o the ferroelectric phase allows us to explain the birth of ferroelectricity within the bismuth ferrite BFO and to reproduce it efficiently in our calculations. The modern theory of polarization was applied for the first time to compute the ferroelectricity within the cubic perovskite-type KNbO3. The results obtained ( à ¯Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬Å¾P = 35  µC/cm2 [21][22]) showed excellent agreement with the experimental data ( à ¯Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬Å¾P = 37  µC/cm2[23]). Other studies were carried out subsequently, confirming the reliability of this method with respect to the experimental reality. Today, the modern theory of polarization is widely used. Results and Discussion Electronic and magnetic properties In this section, we study the electronic structure of bulk BFO in ferroelectric R3c structure, considering the relaxing values of cell parameter, rhombohedral angle and atomic positions by Wang et al.[8]. We computed and plotted the band structure and electronic state densities with the same parameters mentioned at the paragraph II. The band gap value are calculated using mBJ potential in combination with the GGA-PBE approximation, our calculated band gap value is the same as the value measured by Gao et al.[24] from the UV-visible diffuse reflectance spectrum witch is equal to 2.5 eV, our computed band gap is much better than other theoretical works such as Neaton et al.[15] who found an indirect band gap of 0.4, 1.3, and 1.9 eV using LSDA+U approximation with U=0, 2, and 4 eV, respectively. The same for Tà ¼tà ¼ncà ¼ et al.[25] they found an indirect band gap of 0.9, 1.4, and 2.1 eV using LSDA+U approximation with U=0, 2, and 4 eV, respectively. Our band structure results (Fig.1 ) indicate an indirect band gap of approximately 2.5 eV witch is in excellent agreement to the experimental measurement of about 2.5 eV [24][26]. Therefore, this equality between our calculated band gap and the experimental value confirms the insulating character of bulk BFO. In order to understand why the magnetic moments of the Fe atoms were arranged antiparallel within bulk BFO, we relaxed it according to different magnetic configurations: paramagnetic, ferromagnetic, and antiferromagnetic. The ground-state energy of the various possible magnetic configurations shows that the G-type antiferromagnetic configuration is the one which offers the material its greatest stability. FIG. 1. Calculated band structure for rhombohedral BiFeO3. FIG. 2. Calculated total density of states for rhombohedral BiFeO3. Calculated density of state (Fig.2) for R3c BFO indicates an identical distribution between electronic states up and down, which clearly exhibits the antiferromagnetic order of the material, in this case the antiferromagnetic order can only be G-type. The Fe atoms along the [111] axis have a local magnetic moment of 4.02 ÃŽÂ ¼B comes from 3d states, this value is much better than 4.25 ÃŽÂ ¼B and 4.17 ÃŽÂ ¼B reported by Tà ¼tà ¼ncà ¼ et al.[25] using LSDA+U with U = 4 and 6 eV, respectively. Therefore, our computed local magnetic moment of Fe atoms is very close to the measurement value of about 3.75ÃŽÂ ¼B [27]. FIG. 3. Atomic projection of electronic PDOS for rhombohedral BiFeO3. Figure 3 shows atomic projected electronic density of states (PDOS) around the ban gap region for both spin channels. The results suggest that the valence band are predominantly formed by Fe 3d states, hybridized with a contribution from O 2p states. Conduction band states are occupied by a large amount of Fe 3d states, hybridized with a small contribution of Bi 6p states that also contains a significant amount of O 2p states. Spontaneous polarization The spontaneous polarization was calculated within bulk BFO using the ferroelectric structure R3c and the hypothetical centrosymmetric phase R-3c. The centrosymmetric phase must be judiciously chosen, in order to found the difference of ferroelectric polarization between the centrosymmetric and non-centrosymmetric phases less than the quantum of polarization, Where is the electronic charge, is a lattice vector in the direction of polarization, and is the volume of the unit cell. Our calculations have shown that centrosymmetric phase R-3c is the structure closest to the ferroelectric structure R3c, both energetically as well as structural. This symmetry differs from the R3c only by the addition of a center of inversion. The transition from the paraelectric to the ferroelectric phase was characterized by a large displacement of the atoms along the [111] axis and a rotation of the FeO6 octahedra. Therefore, we expect that the spontaneous polarization develops along the [111] axis. In order to calculate the difference of polarization, we have considered that the transition from paraelectric to ferroelectric phase was done adiabatically and continuously. In this way, each atom moves along a path divided into segments of equal length. This method allowed us to follow the evolution of the spontaneous polarization during the whole paraelectric-ferroelectric transition. Throughout the paraelectric-ferroelectric transition, it is imperative to avoid any external contribution to symmetry, such as compression or expansion of the unit cell (in this case we do not calculate the real spontaneous polarization). For this reason, the structures used for our calculations have the same cell parameters, only the atomic positions were shifted. The modern theory of polarization compute the both, ionic and electronic contribution to the spontaneous polarization using the sum of the Wannier centers of the occupied bands. Our results showed that the spontaneous polarization developed along three directions, and was 58.8  µC/cm2 along each axis, resulting a spontaneous polarization of 101.1  µC/cm2 along the [111] axis which is in full agreement with the spontaneous polarization calculated by Neaton et al.[15] using LSDA+U. Early measurements on bulk BFO single crystals[5] found a small polarization of about 6.1  µC/cm2. On the other hand, many experiment studies on thin film samples of BFO showed a large spontaneous polarization of about 100-158  µC/cm2 [16][10]. The anomalously early value was caused by several explanations. First, the authors[5] indicated that their hysteresis loops were not saturated. Second, maybe the small value limited by the poor of the sample quality. Finally, the third explanation is that the crystal structure is not the same. Recently, Lebeugle et al.[28] have prepared a highly pure BFO single crystal (bulk BFO with a rhombohedral R3c symmetry) and measured the spontaneous polarization, they found a very large value of about 100  µC/cm2 [28] which is an intrinsic property of the bulk BFO, as expected by our theoretical studies. CONCLUSIONS In summary, Bismuth ferrite BiFeO3 is one of a few magnetoelectric multiferroics who has simultaneously ferroelectric and ferromagnetic orders, it has seen a considerable increase in interest since the discovery of a high spontaneous polarization. The first principle calculations with our approximations and parameters chosen allowed us to understand and obtain the behaviors of electronic and magnetic properties which make possible the computing of the right band gap and local magnetic moment. The property intrinsic of the large spontaneous electric polarization in bulk BiFe2O3 showed by recently experiment studies was confirmed by our theoretical investigations using the modern theory of polarization. These good agreements between our theoretical investigation and experimental measurement allow the scientific community to compute other properties and understand the physics behind the measurement at the atomic level. References [1]H. Schmid, Multi-ferroic magnetoelectrics, Ferroelectrics, vol. 162, no. 1, pp. 317-338, Jan. 1994. [2]N. A. Hill, Why Are There so Few Magnetic Ferroelectrics?, J. Phys. Chem. B, vol. 104, no. 29, pp. 6694-6709, Jul. 2000. [3]N. A. Hill, Density Functional Studies of Multiferroic Magnetoelectrics, Annu. Rev. Mater. Res., vol. 32, no. 1, pp. 1-37, Aug. 2002. [4]A. Moreira dos Santos et al., Orbital ordering as the determinant for ferromagnetism in biferroic BiMnO 3, Phys. Rev. B, vol. 66, no. 6, Aug. 2002. [5]J. R. Teague, R. Gerson, and W. J. James, Dielectric hysteresis in single crystal BiFeO3, Solid State Commun., vol. 8, no. 13, pp. 1073-1074, 1970. [6]G. A. Smolenskii and I. E. Chupis, Ferroelectromagnets, Phys.-Uspekhi, vol. 25, no. 7, pp. 475-493, Jul. 1982. [7]M. Fiebig, Revival of the magnetoelectric effect, J. Phys. Appl. Phys., vol. 38, no. 8, pp. R123-R152, Apr. 2005. [8]J. Wang, Epitaxial BiFeO3 Multiferroic Thin Film Heterostructures, Science, vol. 299, no. 5613, pp. 1719-1722, Mar. 2003. [9]Y. Tokura, MATERIALS SCIENCE: Multiferroics as Quantum Electromagnets, Science, vol. 312, no. 5779, pp. 1481-1482, Jun. 2006. [10]K. Y. Yun, D. Ricinschi, T. Kanashima, M. Noda, and M. Okuyama, Giant ferroelectric polarization beyond 150 ÃŽÂ ¼C/cm2 in BiFeO3 thin film, Jpn. J. Appl. Phys., vol. 43, no. 5A, p. L647, 2004. [11]R. Palai et al., ÃŽÂ ² phase and ÃŽÂ ³ ˆ’ ÃŽÂ ² metal-insulator transition in multiferroic Bi Fe O 3, Phys. Rev. B, vol. 77, no. 1, Jan. 2008. [12]F. Kubel and H. 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